Exposición al mercurio y efectos en la salud de las comunidades indígenas de la Amazonía ecuatoriana

Autores/as

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.67321/z8pvrm22

Palabras clave:

mercurio, Amazonía ecuatoriana, pueblos indígenas, minería aurífera artesanal, biomonitoreo humano

Resumen

La minería aurífera artesanal y de pequeña escala (MAPE), el consumo de pescado contaminado con metilmercurio y, en menor medida, la deforestación de suelos con mercurio geogénico y la actividad petrolera, constituyen las principales fuentes de exposición al mercurio (Hg) en la Amazonía ecuatoriana. Esta revisión bibliográfica sintetiza la evidencia científica disponible sobre las fuentes de exposición, los niveles de biomonitoreo humano y los efectos en la salud reportados en comunidades indígenas amazónicas, con énfasis en el territorio ecuatoriano y su comparación con Brasil, Perú, Colombia y Bolivia. Se realizó una revisión narrativa de alcance en las bases PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, SciELO y LILACS, complementada con el motor de búsqueda académica Consensus, para el periodo 2000-2026 (con énfasis en 2015-2026), de la cual se incluyeron 28 estudios revisados por pares. Los resultados muestran que la evidencia ecuatoriana de exposición ambiental (agua, sedimentos, peces) es relativamente reciente y creciente, pero el biomonitoreo humano se reduce esencialmente a dos estudios de más de veinte años de antigüedad (cabello, 2004; orina, 2016), sin datos recientes en cabello, sangre o leche materna para ninguna de las nacionalidades indígenas del país. En contraste, estudios de Brasil, Perú, Colombia y Bolivia documentan de forma consistente concentraciones de mercurio en cabello superiores al umbral de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (6 µg/g) en poblaciones indígenas, asociadas a deterioro neurocognitivo, neuropatía periférica, hipertensión y afectación del neurodesarrollo infantil. 

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Recibido

2026-08-02

Aceptado

2026-08-01

Publicado

2026-08-02

Cómo citar

Ramos Real, R. M. (2026). Exposición al mercurio y efectos en la salud de las comunidades indígenas de la Amazonía ecuatoriana. Horizontes Amazónicos, 2(2), 7. https://doi.org/10.67321/z8pvrm22

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